Relevance • Importance of information for research needs

Consider the following questions related to information relevance.

• Does the information relate to your topic or research question?
• Who is the intended audience?
• Is the information at an appropriate level? Is it too simple or too complicated?
• Have you reviewed other similar resources before determining this is what you need?
• Are you comfortable citing this in your research?

Exploring Information Resources

Locate information, collect & select data from a variety of resources.
 

• Databases & Academic Discipline: Use databases and journal resources important to your academic discipline.
   
• Literature Review Process: The literature search will include books and ebooks, scholarly and practitioner journals, theses and dissertations, and indexes.
   
• Open Access: Resources that are freely available such as the Directory of Open Access Journals.
   
• Online Resources: Web sites, blogs, open access resources, and newspapers.
   
• Bibliographies & References:  Explore citations included with research articles.

Authority • Source of the information

Consider the following questions related to information authority.

• Who is the author, publisher, source, or sponsor of the information?
• What are the author's credentials or their organizational affiliation?
• Is the author qualified to write about the topic?
• Is contact information, such as author or publisher email, provided?
• If an online article, web site, blog, or other media, does the URL reveal anything about the author or source?

Exploring Resource Authority

Tips for locating author, publisher, and site credentials.
 

• Scholarly & Practitioner Articles: Author information is generally presented with the article abstract or conclusion. Included would be name, email, title and position, and college or university affiliation.
   
• Bibliography & References: Is the author cited in other research? Is the author know in the field? What credentials (academic, corporate, government) are provided with the information resource? Check article references, bibliography, and review other literature.
   
• Web site URL: Review the web site address.  Is it a .com (commercial), .gov (government), .org (organization), or a .edu (education)? This may provide details on site purpose and qualifications of the author, publisher, or source of the information.
   
• Site & Publisher: Check the web site or publisher "about" section for details. Learn who is publishing the information, if submissions are reviewed, and what purpose the information is serving.

Accuracy • Reliability, truthfulness, and correctness of the information

Consider the following questions related to information reliability.

• Where does the information come from? 
• Is the information supported by evidence?
• Has the information been reviewed or refereed?
• Can you verify any of the information in another source?
• Does the language or tone seem unbiased and free of emotion?
• Are there spelling, grammar, or typographical errors?

Exploring accuracy and credibility

Tips for checking information reliability.

• Information Source: Does the resource include references? Are sources properly cited?  Are you able to verify where data was found?  Look further than the initial source, check citations. Has the information been repeated elsewhere?
   
• Media Type: Don't limit yourself to one specific media type. Verify the accuracy of the source by exploring books, articles, databases, and more.
   
• Scholarly & Practitioner Journals: Search for the journal home page.  In most cases, journal publishers provide details regarding aim and scope, type of articles published, and the review process used prior to publication of works.
   
• Author Information: Research the author. Have they published in peer-reviewed or refereed journals before? Do their credentials support information reliability?
   
• Publisher Information: Research the publisher. Most sites have an about page that provides details about the publication, their board, and their organization.

Purpose • The reason the information exists

Consider the following questions related to information purpose.

• Why does the information exist? What purpose does the information serve?
• Is the information there to inform, teach, sell, entertain, or persuade?
• Do the authors / sponsors make their intentions or purpose clear?
• Is the information fact, opinion, or propaganda?
• Does the point of view appear objective and impartial?
• Are there political, ideological, cultural, religious, or personal biases?

Exploring Information Purpose

Tips for checking information resource purpose.
 

• Scholarly & Practitioner Journals: Publisher web sites list aim, scope, and purpose of the journal. This information is clearly stated and is often accompanied by, or located with, about information or details for submitting articles for publication. 
   
• AU Library Databases: When reviewing articles in the database, explore links presented with the article abstract and bibliographic information. Links to publisher pages may be included, as well as links to the journal page within the database.
   
• Online Information: Review the "about" page on web sites, blogs, and news resources, often located at the bottom of web site pages with copyright information.
   
• Online Information Types: Keep in mind sites that are satire or humor, political or targeted to a specific audience, may offer a statement of purpose. Look for the original source of the information and check the intention stated.

Media Bias Resources

Resources to consider when determining media bias.